Nuclear Energy Essay -- Renewable Energy

Nuclear Energy Energy consumption has become a necessity and an important part of our daily life in the past 10 years. It seems that the world is looking for an energy source that is cleaner, cheaper and more efficient and since nuclear energy has emerged it has become the forerunner for alternative energy sources. ‘As of 2004, nuclear power provided 6.5% of the world's energy and 15.7% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for 57% of nuclear generated electricity’ (‘Nuclear energy facts’ 2007). Nuclear energy can be a doubled edged sword as it can be used for peaceful uses or used to manufacture weapons of mass destruction which can put the world in danger. As more countries begin to use nuclear energy, especially in the Middle East, fears of the countries in the west increases as they cannot be sure if their intentions are for peaceful uses or military uses. Many people argue that the main problem with nuclear power plants is the radioactive waste it leaves behind which have no use. ‘A typical nuclear power plant in a year generates 20 metric tons of used nuclear fuel. The nuclear industry generates a total of about 2,300 metric tons of used fuel per year’ (‘Nuclear Waste: Amounts and On-Site Storage’). There are mainly two types of radioactive wastes, low-level waste and high level waste. Low level wastes are ordinary items that come in contact with some radiation and are generated anywhere radioisotopes are used or produced such as a hospital. High level waste is the actual spent fuel, or the residual waste from reprocessing spent fuel. It takes ten of thousands of year for this for this waste to decay and be harmless to the environment, so it needs professional han... ...in the wrong hands it may lead to wars and disasters. If it is used properly, it can be an efficient source of energy in the future, treat and diagnose diseases and most important of all prevent wars. Works Cited http://www.our-energy.com/energy_facts/nuclear_energy_facts.html http://www.nei.org/resourcesandstats/nuclear_statistics/nuclearwasteamou ntsandonsitestorage/ http://www.copperwiki.org/index.php/Nuclear_energy http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev26-34/text/colmain.html http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/22745 http://www.ehow.com/about_5100776_disadvantages-nuclear-energy.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_poisoning http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/np-risk.htm http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/chernobyl/inf07.html http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf55.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_%28microbiology%29

Police Accountability Essay

Police Officer Accountability is policy practice biggest thing. An officer is accountable for the community, the department, and themselves (Peak, 2012). An officer action is an accountability which can bring on more strain and concern that might get in the way of the officer’s split decision making when an officer is involved in a pursuit, the officer must keep in mind the public safety, as well as the safety of the suspect, and when he arrest the suspect he should make sure that he abide by the law and to make sure that the reason for the pursuit is but in the report for court. The ramifications would be making sure his accountability is successful or take responsibility if something tragic happens. An example of a specific situation where officer accountability for his actions that would affect his decision making in enforcing the law would be: An officer is sitting in a store parking lot and he sees a car speeding through the parking lot heading in the direction of people who are going in and out of the store. The car runs over one of the people and keeps going. The officer takes off behind the car and pulls it over. The officer gets of his car and walk to the driver side of the car, as he approach the car and starts to ask the driver for his license and registration he notice that it is one of his fellow officer and he is extremely intoxicated. The off duty officer asks him to let him go with a warning not realizing that the reason he was pulled over was because he just ran someone over. If the officer who is on duty lets him go he would be held accountable because he would taking a risk by letting him continue to drive and risk him harming someone else or himself. The officer arrests his fellow officer so he can be held accountable for his unlawful actions.

Challenges in the Business Environment Essay

There has been no change to Apple Code of Conduct policy since 2014 when Apple started taking previous audit scores into consideration and conduct detailed risk assessments with suppliers who had not been audited in the past before awarding the new business. In 2014, we reviewed 459 suppliers, and factored their responsibility performance into our decisions. This engagement has allowed Apple to address over 700 findings related to labor standards, worker safety, permits, environmental hazards, and chemical management before production began (Apple – 2014 Supplier Code of Conduct). Apple has made significant progress, gaps still exist, and there is more work to do. Apple knows that workers are counting on them and they will not stop until every person in their supply chain is treated with the respect and dignity they deserve (Apple – Supplier Responsibility 2015 Progress Report). Apple believes that it is not enough to just set high standards they must work every day to make sure they’re upheld. Apple Supplier Code of Conduct is among the toughest in the industry. To track working conditions at suppliers’ facilities, we conduct regular, in-person audits deep into the supply chain. Audits remain essential to Apple work, but they’re only the beginning. Apple reports monthly on working hours for over one million workers with hopes that their openness will inspire other companies. But more important, Apple believe the feedback that transparency invites makes us even better (Apple – Supplier Responsibility 2015 Progress Report). Apple’s suppliers are required to provide safe working conditions, treat workers with dignity and respect, act fairly and ethically, and use environmentally responsible practices wherever they make products or perform services for Apple. Apple requires its suppliers to operate in accordance with the principles in this Apple Supplier Code of  Conduct (â€Å"Code†) and in full compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. This Code goes beyond mere compliance with the law by drawing upon internationally recognized standards to advance social and environmental responsibility. This Code outlines Apple’s expectations for Supplier conduct regarding labor and human rights, health and safety, environmental protection, ethics, and management practices. Apple assesses its suppliers’ compliance with this Code, and any violations of this Code may jeopardize the supplier’s business relationship with Apple, up to and including termination. This Code applies to Apple suppliers and their subsidiaries, affiliates, and subcontractors (each a â€Å"Supplier†) providing goods or services to Apple, or for use in or with Apple products (Apple – 2014 Supplier Code of Conduct). To show that Apple believes that it is not enough to just set high standards and that they must work every day to make sure they’re upheld. In 2014, over 2.3 million workers were trained on Apple’s Co de and their rights. Apple invested millions of dollars to expand our Supplier Employee Education and Development (SEED) program since it began. SEED now totals 48 classrooms in 23 facilities equipped with iMac computers, iPad devices, education software, video conferencing systems, and more. To make sure the standards were upheld Apple performed 633 audits covering over 1.6 million workers in 2014. Apple also audited suppliers in 19 countries and calls were made to 30,000 workers to make sure their rights were being upheld (Apple – 2014 Supplier Code of Conduct). Apple Suppliers Understanding of Their Standards, Responsibilities, and Company Relationship Apple is proud of the strong relationships they have built with their suppliers, many of whom have been working with them for years. Apple periodically reviews their relationships and adds new suppliers as needed. Apple requires each of its suppliers to meet the highest standards for all goods and services. Our requirements include a commitment to rigorous quality assurance. In addition, suppliers must be committed, as we are, to ensuring the highest standards of soci al responsibility. The ideal suppliers are those who understand our culture and expectations. We value suppliers who take the time to learn about and understand our business and who look for ways to add value. These suppliers know the importance of making and meeting commitments and delivering the highest quality goods and services (Apple – Apple and Procurement). Apple business environment is  competitive and fast-paced. Apple suppliers must understand this dynamic and be agile and flexible in responding to changing business conditions. All over the world, people are building Apple products and Apple has a responsibility to make sure that each person is treated with dignity and respect. It’s a massive challenge where Apple work is never done, but each year they implement meaningful, lasting changes across their supply chain. Because of this around the globe, Apple employees are united in bringing equality, human rights, and respect for the environment to the deepest layers of their supply chain. Apple goes deep into their supply chain to enforce their social and environmental standards by empowering workers through education, demanding that suppliers treat workers fairly and ethically at all times, having safe and healthy facilities, and hold their products and processes to the highest environmental standards (Apple – Supplier Responsibility 2015 Progress Report). Apple believes that in order to make impactful changes across their supply chain, it’s important to understand firsthand what’s happening inside their suppliers’ facilities. That’s why they don’t simply employ and review audits from behind a desk in Cupertino. Instead, they directly gauge how their supplier facilities are doing by regularly visiting and partnering with their suppliers around the world, so when they discover a problem, they can work together to get it fixed (Apple – Accountability). To make sure the standards are understood and upheld Apple performed 633 audits covering over 1.6 million workers. Apple also audited suppliers in 19 countries and calls 30,000 workers to make sure their rights are being upheld. Every audit is led by an Apple auditor and supported by local third-party auditors. These third parties are experts in their fields and all have been trained to use our detailed auditing protocols. During each audit, Apple grade suppliers on more than 100 data points corresponding to each category of our Supplier Code of Conduct (Apple – Accountability). Apple auditors are highly skilled at identifying when suppliers are covering up information. Apple audits are proven to improve supplier compliance. Each year we review and raise our already strict requirements, and suppliers continue to meet our increasingly stringent standards. In 2014, facilities audited two times scored 25 percent higher than those facilities with first-time audits. Facilities audited three times or more scored 31 percent higher than facilities audited  for the first time (Apple – Accountability). In addition to these regular, prescheduled audits, Apple randomly select facilities to audit unannoun ced. These surprise audits help ensure that our suppliers continue to meet our standards at all times not just during scheduled visits. Apple conducted 40 surprise audits in 2014, where their team visited suppliers on the spot and inspected the facility within hours. After the audit Apple conducts physical inspections, reviews documents, and interviews workers in their native languages, without their managers present. Afterward, workers are given a phone number, so they have the opportunity to securely and confidentially provide additional feedback about a facility to our team, including anything they consider to be unethical behavior. Apple encourages workers to report any retaliation to us, and we follow up with all suppliers to address each reported issue (Apple – Accountability). Inclusion these audits, code of conduct, and standards give Apple suppliers the understanding of what it means to be part of the company. Reference Apple – Accountability. (2015, January 1). Retrieved March 7, 2015, from http://www.apple.com/supplier-responsibility/accountability/ Apple – Apple and Procurement. (2015, January 1). Retrieved March 7, 2015, from http://www.apple.com/procurement/ Apple – 2014 Supplier Code of Conduct. (2014, January). Retrieved March 3, 2015 from https://www.apple.com/ca/supplierresponsibility/pdf/Apple_Supplier_Code_of_Conduct.pdf Apple – Supplier Responsibility Progress Report. (2015, January). Retrieved March 3, 2015 from https://www.apple.com/supplierresponsibility/pdf/Apple_Progress_Report_2015.pdf

Supporting a Family essays

Supporting a Family essays Due to the present economy, individuals must have a varied career in order to support their families above the poverty line. While this can provide an individual with a stressful existence it also provides them with the ability to become a stronger person from within. Companies are resorting to part-time employees in order to cut overhead costs. With a company resorting to part-time workers they can cut the cost of having benefits as well as lower wages. For the worker this begins a long week of working up to seven days just to obtain the typical 40 hours. This is an exhausting endeavor. This increases the amount of time a child must spend in daycare which in turn increases the costs concerned with the day care center. The parent feels that they are almost always on the go just to support their family. Unfortunately this takes time away from the family. It also increases the family cost, as they must shoulder the burden of paying for medical and dental costs. A positive aspect to having a varied career is the learned ability to become competent in many positions. This allows the individual a wider range in possible jobs. From a personal viewpoint this can and will provide the individual with a greater self-worth. Sometimes this inability to obtain permanent work with result in an individual going back to school. This would be to obtain the necessary degree that would result in a better or more secure employment position. I am personally in this category. I have decided after 10 years of being in the work world to return to school. During those 10 years I worked at least 5 different jobs. This was defiantly not rewarding to my self-esteem and to my family as they have had to cope with poverty. I have returned to school so that I may provide my family with enough funds to raise them above the poverty level and to provide myself with job security. The way that the current economy works seems to benefit the empl ...

SAT Test Dates Full Guide to Choosing (2019-2020)

SAT Test Dates Full Guide to Choosing (2019-2020) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT is offered seven times a year, but which SAT test dates will work best for you and your schedule? What essential factors should you consider before creating an SAT schedule? What are the best SAT dates for juniors? For seniors? In this comprehensive guide, we offer you the most current info on SAT test dates (domestic and international) for 2019 and 2020. We also give you our top tips for choosing the best SAT test dates for you as well as tons of resources to help you navigate the complicated web of SAT/ACT test dates. SAT Dates and Deadlines: 2019-2020 In general, the College Board administers the SAT on Saturdays, with more tests offered in the fall. If you can't take the test on a Saturday for religious or other reasons, Sunday alternate dates are usually available. Below, we give you SAT test dates, normal registration deadlines, late registration deadlines, and score release dates for 2019/2020. All the test dates have been officially confirmed by the College Board, although some of the score release dates haven't. I’ve listed international test dates in separate tables since the SAT is administered on fewer dates outside the US. Note that in the US (and abroad, as of 2018), SAT Subject Tests are available on all SAT dates except March. SAT Test Dates 2019-2020 (US) As of 2018, there's no longer a January test date. This date has been replaced by an earlier August test date, which is only available in the US. Test Date Normal Deadline Late Registration* Online Score Release August 24, 2019 July 26, 2019 August 14, 2019 September 6, 2019 October 5, 2019 September 6, 2019 September 25, 2019 October 18, 2019 November 2, 2019 October 4, 2019 October 23, 2019 November 15, 2019 December 7, 2019 November 8, 2019 November 26, 2019 December 20, 2019 March 14, 2020** February 14, 2020 February 25, 2020 March 27, 2020 May 2, 2020 April 3, 2020 April 21, 2020 May 15, 2020 June 6, 2020 May 8, 2020 May 19, 2020 June 19, 2020 *The late registration deadline is about one week earlier if you are registering by mail **Regular SAT only SAT Test Dates 2019 and 2020 (International) Unlike the US SAT test dates above, the international November and June test dates offer only SAT Subject Tests. Test Date Registration Deadline Online Score Release October 5, 2019 September 6, 2019 October 18, 2019 November 2, 2019** October 4, 2019 November 15, 2019 December 7, 2019 November 8, 2019 December 20, 2019 March 14, 2020* February 13, 2020 March 27, 2020 May 2, 2020 April 3, 2020 May 15, 2020 June 6, 2020** May 8, 2020 June 19, 2020 *Regular SAT only **SAT Subject Tests only SAT Test Dates: 2019-20 Visual Calendar and Trends When it comes to choosing SAT dates, you don't want to simply register for the next available date. To help you select the best SAT test dates for you personally, we've created an easy-to-use visual calendar for the 2019-20 SAT test dates. This infographic allows us to look at trends in SAT dates and see whether certain dates and deadlines overlap with others. (C) 2019 PrepScholar Inc, Use with Link to PrepScholar.com Allowed As you can see on this visual calendar, SAT test dates are tightly clustered in the late summer and fall. This is due to the fact that most college application deadlines are in the late fall and early winter. Essentially, the College Board is giving seniors multiple shots at hitting their SAT goal scores right before their applications are due. In the spring, SAT dates are more spread out, with the exception of May and June. This is, again, due to the fact that there are fewer college application deadlines in spring than there are in fall and early winter. These dates are also geared more toward juniors and other students who'd like to take the SAT early. Next, we can see that because of the high number of test dates in the fall, it's difficult to take two SATs in a row. By the time your score for one test comes out, the late registration date for the next test will have often already passed! Even if you were to go ahead and register for another test without knowing your scores, you might end up ultimately wasting money on a retake if your scores are higher than you thought they'd be. Likewise, if you don't sign up for the following test, you might miss your only shot at raising your scores before your application deadlines. Taking back-to-back SATs also doesn't give you enough time to make the most out of your retake; you'll likely see little, if any, improvement in your scores due to the lack of adequate prep time in-between tests. Choosing the Best SAT Test Date for You: 5 Essential Factors It’s critical you choose an SAT test date that’ll work well for not just anyone but you specifically. Below are five major factors you'll want to consider before committing to a test date. #1: When Are Your College Application Deadlines? By far the most important factors are your college application deadlines. In the US, most deadlines fall around January 1 (for regular decision) and November 1 or 15 (for early action/early decision). The College Board sends SAT scores to schools (for your four free score reports) beginning one day before online score release, or approximately three to five weeks after the exam. However, not all schools process scores straight away; in fact, some might take a week or so to report scores. As a result, you might have to wait at most around six weeks after your test date for your schools to officially process your SAT scores. And this doesn't even include the extra time needed to process orders for additional score reports (if you have more than four schools you want to send scores to). Ordering these reports will add at least another week or two once scores are released. Therefore, as a rule, don't take the SAT less than five or six weeks before your college apps are due. If you'll be ordering additional score reports after your scores come out, stick with test dates more than seven or eight weeks before your deadlines. Remember that if your schools don't receive or process your SAT scores in time, your application could get disqualified! So plan accordingly. #2: Are You Applying for SAT Scholarships? Another factor is SAT scholarships. Generally, school-based SAT scholarships will use the same deadlines as college applications. If you're not sure when your SAT scores are due, contact your schools directly to ask whether your scores should arrive earlier than or with your application. #3: How Many Times Will You Take the SAT? You should also consider whether you might want to retake the SAT if you're not getting the scores you need for college. We typically recommend taking the SAT at least twice, possibly three times, depending on your score goals. Here's our suggested SAT schedule: Take the SAT in the fall of your junior year Take the SAT a second time in the spring of your junior year Take the SAT a final time in the late summer/early fall of your senior year If you took your first SAT in the spring of your junior year instead of in the fall, you still have plenty of opportunities to take the SAT once or twice more. You could, for example, take the SAT a second time in June or August and a third time in October or November. That said, avoid registering for back-to-back SAT test dates, especially in the fall of your senior year. Squeezing in too many SATs gives you barely any time to study and probably won't raise your score by any noticeable margin. Furthermore, trying to balance so much prep during the school year- and as you’re applying to college, no less!- is an incredibly stressful endeavor. So spread out your tests as best you can. #4: How Much Study Time Will You Need? Before you register for the SAT, decide how much time you'll need to dedicate to studying. We normally recommend setting aside three to six months for SAT prep. This amount of time allows you to space out your study sessions so that you're studying consistently without burning yourself out. More importantly, though, you'll want a sufficient number of study hours. The number of hours you'll have to spend studying depends on the number of points you’d like to improve your baseline SAT score by. (A baseline score is the score you get on an official SAT practice test before you begin any SAT prep.) Below are the (approximate) number of study hours required to make the following total point improvements on the SAT: 0-30 point improvement: 10 hours 30-70 point improvement: 20 hours 70-130 point improvement: 40 hours 130-200 point improvement: 80 hours 200-330 point improvement: 150 hours+ As you can see, the bigger the point increase you want, the more hours you’ll have to study. Unfortunately, not everyone has a ton of time to devote entirely to SAT prep. At a minimum, try to clock in at least 10 hours of prep. If you only have a month or so before test day, you can still make large score increases- so long as you’re willing to put in the effort. You can also use our last-minute SAT tips and strategies to help you get the score you want. #5: Will You Have Any Obligations or Conflicts? Finally, consider your own obligations. Is there anything you can't reschedule that'll be taking place on a certain test date? Do you have any ongoing commitments (school or otherwise) that could prevent you from being able to focus on your SAT prep? Obligations can be anything, from school plays and AP tests to sports tournaments and family vacations. Before you choose a test date, make sure that you're keenly aware of your schedule. I suggest using a planner to take note of any big chunks of time during which you'll be too busy to study for the SAT. Ultimately, if a certain test date feels overwhelming, choose another one for which you'll have far fewer obligations in the period leading up to it. Quick Guide: What’s the Best SAT Test Date for Juniors? For Seniors? For Early Action? In reality, the "best" SAT test date varies for each student; however, sometimes you just want to know what a good test date is, generally speaking. Here, we give you a brief look at the best SAT test dates for four common scenarios. Scenario 1: You’re a Junior Best Dates For 1st SAT: October, November, December For 2nd SAT: March, May, June You should always take your first SAT as a junior, ideally in the fall. The October and November test dates offer lots of flexibility and plenty of time to study and prepare for round two should you want to take the SAT again. In the spring, try to take the SAT in March or May- latest June. These dates ensure you'll have the entire summer to evaluate your scores, finalize your list of colleges, and decide whether you’d like to take the test again in August or autumn. Scenario 2: You’re a Senior Best Dates: August, October, NovemberRiskier Dates: December As a senior, you have up to four possible SAT test dates (for regular decision deadlines): August, October, November, and December. As with all college prep, the earlier the better! Try to take the SAT in August, October, or November. These three test dates should have little trouble getting your scores to colleges in time, assuming your earliest deadline is somewhere around January 1. Although you can opt for the December test date, too, I would only do so if your deadlines are January 10 or later. December scores aren't usually released until late December, so January 1 might be playing it a little too close for some colleges. Check with your schools directly to verify whether they'll accept SAT scores from the December test date before you register for it. If your regular decision deadline happens to be especially early, like the University of California's November 30 deadline, opt for the August or October test dates instead. Scenario 3: You’re Applying Early Action/Early Decision Best Dates: June, AugustRiskier Dates: October Most early action deadlines are November 1 or 15. A June or August test date (before your senior year) is an excellent choice since scores from either test date should definitely get to your schools in time. These dates also give you the fall to focus entirely on your college applications instead of on SAT prep. The October deadline is a bit riskier, though, as its scores aren’t normally released until the end of October. So if your deadline is November 1, October probably won't work. If your deadlines are November 15 or later, however, October should be fine. Scenario 4: Your College Applications Aren’t Due Until February or Later Many schools have later-than-normal deadlines in February, March, April, May, June, July, August, and even September. So which SAT test dates will work for these late decision schools? Below are the latest SAT test dates you can choose depending on your college application deadline. The latest recommended dates are pretty much guaranteed to get your SAT scores to schools in time, whereas the riskier dates might not get your scores in before the deadlines. College App Deadline Latest Recommended SAT Test Date Riskier SAT Test Date February December - March December - April December March May March - June March May July May June August June - September June August Warning: SAT Test Dates May ChangeSign up to Receive Free Updates // Additional Resources for Info on SAT Test Dates Need extra assistance with choosing SAT test dates? Our top resources below will help you pinpoint the best SAT dates for you: When Should You Take the SAT or ACT? Best Test Dates: Our popular guide to SAT/ACT test dates zeroes in on the four most important factors you'll need to consider when selecting a test date. You can also check out our more general guide to the other major factors that come into play when choosing a test date. SAT/ACT Test Dates Study Plan for Sophomores and Juniors: Seeking advice on when to take the SAT or ACT your sophomore or junior year? This guide walks you through a typical SAT/ACT test-taking schedule and offers targeted tips for honing your weaknesses. 5 Step SAT/ACT Test Dates Study Plan for Summer Before Senior Year: This step-by-step guide explains how to structure a personalized SAT/ACT study plan before your senior year. The Best SAT and ACT Test Dates for Senior Fall: Looking for a guide geared specifically toward seniors? Here, we lay out the SAT/ACT test dates in autumn and provide you with tips on how to choose the best date for you. Can I Get an Alternate SAT Test Date?: If there's a conflict with your current SAT test date, you might be able to schedule an alternate test date for the following week. Read our guide to learn everything you can do to ensure your request is successful. SAT and ACT Test Date Lists: For more general SAT/ACT test date info, check out our year-by-year guides: SAT Test Dates 2019 SAT Subject Test Dates 2019 ACT Test Dates Full Guide to Choosing (2019, 2020) The Final Word: What to Know About SAT Test Dates Although exact SAT test dates change each testing year, the exam will always be administered a total of seven times across the following months (in the US): August (This test date has replaced the January one) October November December March May June For the most part, international test dates are similar to US ones. Here are the only major differences: There is no August test date outside the US As of 2018, the international November and June test dates will only offer SAT Subject Tests- no regular SAT To choose a test date that’s right for you, consider the following four factors: When your college application and scholarship deadlines are How many times you want to take the SAT How much time you're willing to study Whether you'll have any obligations that might prevent you from taking the SAT on a certain date Hopefully, after reading this guide, you now have a clearer and more confident sense as to which SAT test dates will work for you! What's Next? Planning ahead for 2021 or 2022? Then take a look at our handy (and updated!) compilation of future SAT test dates. You've chosen an SAT test date- your next step now is to get online and register for the SAT. Our detailed guide offers easy-to-follow instructions to help walk you smoothly through the registration process. Ready to get a great SAT score? Consider the many different ways you can prep for the exam by reading our free eBook. And if you're hoping for a perfect score, check out our in-depth guide to getting a 1600 on the SAT, written by an expert full scorer! Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Principles of Macroecomomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Principles of Macroecomomics - Essay Example 295). Figure 1. Disposable income and MPC Source: Miles and Scott (2005, p. 295) It can be found in all textbooks in macroeconomics that the MPC is related with the Keynesian income multiplier. Following Mankiw (2009, p. 373-374), the Keynesian multiplier process begins when government spends. For example, let us say that government spends ?20 billion (as mentioned earlier, Mankiw’s discussion used dollars not pounds). If the MPC is ? or 0.75 then the ?20 billion spent by government is received by society as factor payments of ?15 billion wherein, in turn, 75% of the ?15 billion are spent by those who received the payments. In turn, the factors who received the payment of 75% of the ?15 billion will spend ? of their income or 75% of 75% of ?15 billion and the chain goes on continuously. According to Mankiw (2009, p. 373), the process continually repeats and goes on indefinitely resulting into a total spending illustrated by Table 1. Table 1. MPC and multiplier resulting from i nitial government spending of ?20 billion Source: Mankiw (2009, p. 373) Based on the above, from the Keynesian perspective, government spending multiplies or increases income received by society based on the marginal propensity to consume (Mankiw 2009, p. 373-374). Based on Mankiw (2009, p. 374), the multiplier based on the MPC can be derived as: . The foregoing is equal to the following (Mankiw 2009, p. 274): . Economists are concerned with the MPC because the MPC is intimately related with the Keynesian income multiplier. It follows from the multiplier = 1/(1-MPC) that the higher MPC or the marginal propensity to consume, the higher the multiplier is. A low MPC implies a low Keynesian multiplier. As implied by our earlier discussion, Baumol and Blinder (2009, p. 160) discussion is similar but Baumol and Blinder’s take-off point for the concept of the marginal propensity to consume is disposable income rather than plain income. Disposable income refers to that part of income left after taking out taxes and the transfers payments received are added (Baumol and Blinder 2009, p. 157). Based on Baumol and Binder (2009, p. 157), at the macro level, disposable income or DI is: DI = GDP - Taxes + Transfer payments = GDP - (Taxes – Transfer payments) = Y - T. Miles and Scott (2005, p. 298) provides an interesting illustration of the Keynesian multiplier based on the modelling of the Keynesian perspective through the consumption function. In Figure 2 below, the 45 degree line is the level where spending equals income while PEo is the initial level of spending by consumers, government, and investors. A rise in government spending leads aggregate spending to PE1 such that following the Keynesian perspective, an increase in income from Yo to Y1 results. Figure 2. Marginal propensity to consume and multiplier Source: Miles and Scott (2005, p. 298) Miles and Scott (2005, p. 298) preferred, however, to say that â€Å"the multiplier shows how much demand rises once all agents have adjusted to an event that generates a change in some component of demand.† Following, this interpretation, it is important to study the MPC because initial spending by government or an increase in spending by any one or the consumer, government, or business can increase aggregate spending â€Å"once all agents have adjusted† to the initial increase in spending by any or all of the economic agents. Miles and Scott (2005, p. 299) even pointed out that â€Å"the larger is the propensity to con

Enterprise infrastructure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enterprise infrastructure - Essay Example It is subdivided into smaller sections within a large portal. An EIP allows users to get information in the desired context. It categorizes information for easy access to users. It also allows employees to collaborate by sharing information regardless of their geographical locations. An EIP allows an organization to disseminate information efficiently. It also enables an organization to consolidate all its websites in a single platform. In addition, it provides quick access to information within an organization. EIP allows employees in an organization to access relevant personalized information quickly. EIP can also provide targeted employee information depending on their roles preferences. One of the most important guidelines for determining the best information sharing approach is information security. In any communication, the message is supposed to remain confidential. It should not reach unintended parties. An EIP is relatively secure for sharing organizational information because various categories of users can access different portals. The system allows authorized users to login to respective accounts and get personalized information. The second factor that determines the approach of sharing information within an organization is the accessibility of the information. A good system of sharing information should be easy to use and widely available. It should not be confined to specific places alone. It should enable users to get what they want at any place and time. The third factor that determines information sharing strategy in an organization is the speed of dissemination. Information should reach the recipient within the shortest time possible. A good information sharing system should, therefore, transmit the information to the recipient within a short period. An organization should encourage the use of three information flows within the organization. The three information flows are downward, upward and